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1 opportunity set
область допустимых решений
—
[А.С.Гольдберг. Англо-русский энергетический словарь. 2006 г.]
область допустимых решений
допустимое множество
множество возможностей
множество допустимых решений
область допустимых значений
область свободы решений
Понятие математического программирования, область (см. рис. к статье Линейное программирование или рис. к статье Нелинейное программирование), в пределах которой осуществляется выбор решений. В принципе она может быть определена разными способами, вплоть до прямого перечисления входящих в нее элементов. В экономических задачах эта область ограничена (отсюда и происходит термин «ограничения«) условиями задачи, наличными ресурсами. Эти ограничения могут быть более жесткими и менее жесткими, соответственно область свободы — более или менее широкой. Она является нулевой, если определяющие ее ограничения составляют несовместную систему уравнений. В линейном программировании область допустимых решений (допустимый многогранник) всегда выпукла и всегда находится в неотрицательном подпространстве многомерного (n-мерного) векторного пространства решений.
[ http://slovar-lopatnikov.ru/]Тематики
Синонимы
- допустимое множество
- множество возможностей
- множество допустимых решений
- область допустимых значений
- область свободы решений
EN
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > opportunity set
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2 opportunity set
мат. = feasible set* * ** * *. Возможный ожидаемый доход и стандартные пары отклонений всех портфелей, которые можно составить из данного набора активов . Инвестиционная деятельность . -
3 opportunity set
Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > opportunity set
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4 opportunity set
1) Математика: допустимое множество2) Инвестиции: достижимое множество -
5 opportunity set
мат. -
6 portfolio opportunity set
Инвестиции: "набор возможностей" портфеляУниверсальный англо-русский словарь > portfolio opportunity set
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7 Portfolio opportunity set
. Пары Ожидаемый доход/Стандартное отклонение во всех инвестиционных портфелях, которые могут быть сформированы с учетом данного набора активов . Инвестиционная деятельность .Англо-русский экономический словарь > Portfolio opportunity set
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8 set
1) набор; комплект- semiconductor assembly set - set of Belleville springs - set of conventional set - set of drawing instruments - set of gate patterns - set of gauge blocks - set of logical elements - set of statistical data - set of technical aids- snap set2) партия3) совокупность; множество4) установка; агрегат- desk telephone set - dial telephone set- gear set- local-battery telephone set - man-pack radio set - multi-operator welding set - sound-powered telephone set - wall telephone set5) регулировка; настройка || регулировать; настраивать6) группа; ансамбль7) класс; семейство9) схватывание || схватываться10) затвердевание || затвердевать11) крепление || закреплять12) геол. свита пород13) осадка (грунта) || оседать ( о грунте)14) радиоточка15) спорт сет16) включать, приводить в действие17) мат. множествоset closed under operation — множество, замкнутое относительно операции
- absolutely compact set - absolutely continuous set - absolutely convex set - absolutely irreducible set - absolutely measurable set - affinely independent set - affinely invariant set - algebraically independent set - almost finite set - almost full set - angular cluster set - asymptotically indecomposable set - at most denumerable set - centro-symmetric set - completely bounded set - completely continuous set - completely generating set - completely improper set - completely irreducible set - completely nonatomic set - completely normal set - completely ordered set - completely productive set - completely reducible set - completely separable set - constructively nonrecursive set - convexly independent set - countably infinite setto set aside — не учитывать, не принимать во внимание; откладывать
- cut set- cyclically ordered set - deductively inconsistent set - derived set - doubly well-ordered set - dual set of equations - dynamically disconnected set - effectively enumerable set - effectively generating set - effectively nonrecursive set - effectively simple set - enumeration reducible set - finely perfect set - finitely definite set - finitely measurable set- flat set- full set- fully reducible set - functionally closed set - functionally complete set - functionally open set - fundamental probability set - generalized almost periodic set- goal set- internally stable set- knot set- left directed set - left normal set - left-hand cluster set - linearly ordered set - local peak set - locally arcwise set - locally closed set - locally compact set - locally connected set - locally contractible set - locally convex set - locally finite set - locally invariant set - locally negligible set - locally null set - locally polar set - locally polyhedral set - metrically bounded set - metrically dense set - multiply ordered set - nearly analytic set - nearly closed set - nonvoid set - normally ordered set- null set- open in rays set - partitioned data set- peak set- pole set- positively homothetic set- pure set- radially open set - rationally independent set - recursively creative set - recursively indecomposable set - recursively isomorphic set - recursively productive set - regularly convex set - regularly situated sets - relatively closed set - relatively compact set - relatively dense set - relatively interpretable set - relatively open set - right normal set - right-hand cluster set- scar set- sequentially complete set - serially ordered set - set of elementary events - set of first category - set of first kind - set of first species - set of possible outcomes - set of probability null - set of second category - set of second species - shift invariant set - simply connected set - simply ordered set - simply transitive set- skew set- star set- strongly bounded set - strongly closed set - strongly compact set - strongly connected set - strongly convex set - strongly dependent set - strongly disjoint sets - strongly enumerable set - strongly independent set - strongly minimal set - strongly polar set - strongly reducible set - strongly separated set - strongly simple set - strongly stratified set- tame set- tautologically complete set - tautologically consistent set - tautologically inconsistent set- test set- thin set- tie set- time set- totally disconnected set - totally imperfect set - totally ordered set - totally primitive set - totally unimodular set - totally unordered set - truth-table reducible set - uniformly bounded set - uniformly continuous set - uniformly convergent set - uniformly integrable set - uniformly universal set - unilaterally connected set- unit set- vacuous set- void set- weakly compact set - weakly convex set - weakly n-dimensional set - weakly stratified set - weakly wandering set - well chained set - well founded set - well measurable set - well ordering set - well quasiordered set -
9 set-asides
финСредства из бюджета государственных ведомств, которые резервируются для обеспечения контрактов с фирмами, владельцами которых являются представители этнических меньшинств. Конституционность положений о квотированных средствах поддержана Верховным судом [ Supreme Court, U.S.] в деле "Фуллилав против Клутцника" [ Fullilove v. Klutznick] (1980). -
10 feasible set
1) мат. допустимое множество, множество допустимых решений ( совокупность всех допустимых планов задачи)Syn:See:2) мат. множество достижимости (множество состояний, в которые можно привести динамическую систему при помощи допустимого управления из начального состояния за заданный промежуток времени)* * * -
11 feasible set
множество достижимости
1. Множество всех таких состояний, в которые можно привести динамическую систему при помощи допустимого управления из начальной точки (начального состояния) за заданный промежуток времени. 2. То же, что область допустимых решений
[ http://slovar-lopatnikov.ru/]Тематики
EN
область допустимых решений
—
[А.С.Гольдберг. Англо-русский энергетический словарь. 2006 г.]
область допустимых решений
допустимое множество
множество возможностей
множество допустимых решений
область допустимых значений
область свободы решений
Понятие математического программирования, область (см. рис. к статье Линейное программирование или рис. к статье Нелинейное программирование), в пределах которой осуществляется выбор решений. В принципе она может быть определена разными способами, вплоть до прямого перечисления входящих в нее элементов. В экономических задачах эта область ограничена (отсюда и происходит термин «ограничения«) условиями задачи, наличными ресурсами. Эти ограничения могут быть более жесткими и менее жесткими, соответственно область свободы — более или менее широкой. Она является нулевой, если определяющие ее ограничения составляют несовместную систему уравнений. В линейном программировании область допустимых решений (допустимый многогранник) всегда выпукла и всегда находится в неотрицательном подпространстве многомерного (n-мерного) векторного пространства решений.
[ http://slovar-lopatnikov.ru/]Тематики
Синонимы
- допустимое множество
- множество возможностей
- множество допустимых решений
- область допустимых значений
- область свободы решений
EN
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > feasible set
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12 photo opportunity
•• * Сообщение в журнале Time о смерти пресссекретаря Никсона Рона Зиглера напомнило о том времени и о по-своему симпатичном человеке. Внешне он был немного похож на бушевского пресс-секретаря Ари Фляйшера, но время было другое, и главным его занятием было отдуваться за вранье своего шефа. Как пишет Тime, Ziegler was credited with coining the term photo opportunity, now widely used to describe canned political appearances. Это выражение (часто сокращаемое до photo op или photo-op), встречавшееся в подготовленных американцами программах официальных визитов, я всегда переводил просто фотографирование, и думаю, что в большинстве случаев это вполне подойдет. Если же нужно подчеркнуть отрежиссированный ( canned) характер фотографирования, то можно придумать что-нибудь вроде фотоситуация или допуск фотографов.
•• Знание специфики photo opportunity – не просто фотографирование, а организованное, «постановочное» – помогает лучше понять текст и точнее его перевести. Пример из New York Times:
•• When Muslim groups complained that the Pentagon was “ endorsing” his attacks on Islam, Graham asked for a photo op with Muslim Pentagon employees. They declined. В переводе: ... Грэхэм попросил организовать/устроить фотографирование с сотрудниками Пентагона – мусульманами. Они отказались.
•• Еще один интересный пример – высказывание бывшего министра иностранных дел Великобритании Робина Кука (цитирую по New York Times):
•• ...being seen at the Buckingham Palace and alongside Mr. Blair amounted “ the mother of all photo opportunities for President Bush”.
•• Контекстуально здесь (с учетом сказанного выше) лучше всего перевести уникальный рекламный кадр.
•• Близко к этому выражению – press availability. Это и не пресс-конференция, и не брифинг, а нечто более компактное и менее формальное. Наши протокольщики называют это выход/ подход к прессе.
•• В короткой заметке в Тime говорится также, что Зиглер was also famous for rescinding one set of White House lies by calling them “ inoperative”. Наверное, утратившие силу. Наконец, в той же заметке Зиглер назван President Nixon’s defiant, clueless press aid during the Watergate scandal. Модное словечко clueless переводится в ABBYY Lingvo невежественный, необразованный, несведущий, неумный. Пожалуй, реальному словоупотреблению соответствует только вариант несведущий, но в данном предложении и он не слишком подходит. Суть слова clueless хорошо передает русское выражение не в курсе. Иногда неплохо растерянный. Конечно, перевести такой набор определений, как defiant, clueless – непросто. Можно предложить гордый, но плохо информированный.
English-Russian nonsystematic dictionary > photo opportunity
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13 constraint region
область допустимых решений
—
[А.С.Гольдберг. Англо-русский энергетический словарь. 2006 г.]
область допустимых решений
допустимое множество
множество возможностей
множество допустимых решений
область допустимых значений
область свободы решений
Понятие математического программирования, область (см. рис. к статье Линейное программирование или рис. к статье Нелинейное программирование), в пределах которой осуществляется выбор решений. В принципе она может быть определена разными способами, вплоть до прямого перечисления входящих в нее элементов. В экономических задачах эта область ограничена (отсюда и происходит термин «ограничения«) условиями задачи, наличными ресурсами. Эти ограничения могут быть более жесткими и менее жесткими, соответственно область свободы — более или менее широкой. Она является нулевой, если определяющие ее ограничения составляют несовместную систему уравнений. В линейном программировании область допустимых решений (допустимый многогранник) всегда выпукла и всегда находится в неотрицательном подпространстве многомерного (n-мерного) векторного пространства решений.
[ http://slovar-lopatnikov.ru/]Тематики
Синонимы
- допустимое множество
- множество возможностей
- множество допустимых решений
- область допустимых значений
- область свободы решений
EN
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > constraint region
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14 feasible region
область допустимых решений
—
[А.С.Гольдберг. Англо-русский энергетический словарь. 2006 г.]
область допустимых решений
допустимое множество
множество возможностей
множество допустимых решений
область допустимых значений
область свободы решений
Понятие математического программирования, область (см. рис. к статье Линейное программирование или рис. к статье Нелинейное программирование), в пределах которой осуществляется выбор решений. В принципе она может быть определена разными способами, вплоть до прямого перечисления входящих в нее элементов. В экономических задачах эта область ограничена (отсюда и происходит термин «ограничения«) условиями задачи, наличными ресурсами. Эти ограничения могут быть более жесткими и менее жесткими, соответственно область свободы — более или менее широкой. Она является нулевой, если определяющие ее ограничения составляют несовместную систему уравнений. В линейном программировании область допустимых решений (допустимый многогранник) всегда выпукла и всегда находится в неотрицательном подпространстве многомерного (n-мерного) векторного пространства решений.
[ http://slovar-lopatnikov.ru/]Тематики
Синонимы
- допустимое множество
- множество возможностей
- множество допустимых решений
- область допустимых значений
- область свободы решений
EN
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > feasible region
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15 feasible space
область допустимых решений
—
[А.С.Гольдберг. Англо-русский энергетический словарь. 2006 г.]
область допустимых решений
допустимое множество
множество возможностей
множество допустимых решений
область допустимых значений
область свободы решений
Понятие математического программирования, область (см. рис. к статье Линейное программирование или рис. к статье Нелинейное программирование), в пределах которой осуществляется выбор решений. В принципе она может быть определена разными способами, вплоть до прямого перечисления входящих в нее элементов. В экономических задачах эта область ограничена (отсюда и происходит термин «ограничения«) условиями задачи, наличными ресурсами. Эти ограничения могут быть более жесткими и менее жесткими, соответственно область свободы — более или менее широкой. Она является нулевой, если определяющие ее ограничения составляют несовместную систему уравнений. В линейном программировании область допустимых решений (допустимый многогранник) всегда выпукла и всегда находится в неотрицательном подпространстве многомерного (n-мерного) векторного пространства решений.
[ http://slovar-lopatnikov.ru/]Тематики
Синонимы
- допустимое множество
- множество возможностей
- множество допустимых решений
- область допустимых значений
- область свободы решений
EN
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > feasible space
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16 IOS
1) Спорт: International Online Soccer2) Военный термин: Intelligence Operations Specialist, International Organization for Standards, image optical scanner, inspection operation sheet, inspection operation system, instructor operation station, instrumentation operation station, integrated observation system, integrated oceanographic system, integrated operational system, interim operational system, instrumental observation and survey4) Религия: Individual Ordinance Summary5) Биржевой термин: Investment Opportunity Set6) Телекоммуникации: Internet Over Satellite7) Сокращение: Institute of Oceanographic Science, Instructor / Operator Station, Instructor Operator Station, International Organization for Standardization, Input/Output Supervisor8) Вычислительная техника: Input-Output Subsystem, Input-Output System, Internetworking Operating System (Cisco, OS)9) Космонавтика: Initial Operational System (JSTC)10) Экология: Institute of Ocean Sciences, Institute of Oceanographic Sciences11) Сетевые технологии: Integrated Office System, Internet Operating System, Internetwork Operating System, Internetworking Operating System, интегрированная офисная система, интегрированная учрежденческая система, межсетевая операционная система, подсистема ввода-вывода, система ввода вывода, Internetworking Operating System (Cisco)12) Химическое оружие: integrated operations study13) Энергосистемы: interconnected operations services15) НАСА: Indian Ocean Station -
17 Ios
1) Спорт: International Online Soccer2) Военный термин: Intelligence Operations Specialist, International Organization for Standards, image optical scanner, inspection operation sheet, inspection operation system, instructor operation station, instrumentation operation station, integrated observation system, integrated oceanographic system, integrated operational system, interim operational system, instrumental observation and survey4) Религия: Individual Ordinance Summary5) Биржевой термин: Investment Opportunity Set6) Телекоммуникации: Internet Over Satellite7) Сокращение: Institute of Oceanographic Science, Instructor / Operator Station, Instructor Operator Station, International Organization for Standardization, Input/Output Supervisor8) Вычислительная техника: Input-Output Subsystem, Input-Output System, Internetworking Operating System (Cisco, OS)9) Космонавтика: Initial Operational System (JSTC)10) Экология: Institute of Ocean Sciences, Institute of Oceanographic Sciences11) Сетевые технологии: Integrated Office System, Internet Operating System, Internetwork Operating System, Internetworking Operating System, интегрированная офисная система, интегрированная учрежденческая система, межсетевая операционная система, подсистема ввода-вывода, система ввода вывода, Internetworking Operating System (Cisco)12) Химическое оружие: integrated operations study13) Энергосистемы: interconnected operations services15) НАСА: Indian Ocean Station -
18 Fullilove v. Klutznick
"Фуллилав против Клуцника"Дело в Верховном суде США [ Supreme Court, U.S.], решение по которому (1980) определило, что Конгресс при создании государственных программ обеспечения рабочими местами уполномочен использовать квоты для устранения последствий дискриминации, поскольку положение о равной защите [ equal protection of laws], содержащееся в Четырнадцатой поправке [ Fourteenth Amendment] предполагает, что категории работников, исторически лишенных этого права, заслуживают особого внимания.English-Russian dictionary of regional studies > Fullilove v. Klutznick
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19 near cash
!гос. фин. The resource budget contains a separate control total for “near cash” expenditure, that is expenditure such as pay and current grants which impacts directly on the measure of the golden rule.This paper provides background information on the framework for the planning and control of public expenditure in the UK which has been operated since the 1998 Comprehensive Spending Review (CSR). It sets out the different classifications of spending for budgeting purposes and why these distinctions have been adopted. It discusses how the public expenditure framework is designed to ensure both sound public finances and an outcome-focused approach to public expenditure.The UK's public spending framework is based on several key principles:"consistency with a long-term, prudent and transparent regime for managing the public finances as a whole;" "the judgement of success by policy outcomes rather than resource inputs;" "strong incentives for departments and their partners in service delivery to plan over several years and plan together where appropriate so as to deliver better public services with greater cost effectiveness; and"the proper costing and management of capital assets to provide the right incentives for public investment.The Government sets policy to meet two firm fiscal rules:"the Golden Rule states that over the economic cycle, the Government will borrow only to invest and not to fund current spending; and"the Sustainable Investment Rule states that net public debt as a proportion of GDP will be held over the economic cycle at a stable and prudent level. Other things being equal, net debt will be maintained below 40 per cent of GDP over the economic cycle.Achievement of the fiscal rules is assessed by reference to the national accounts, which are produced by the Office for National Statistics, acting as an independent agency. The Government sets its spending envelope to comply with these fiscal rules.Departmental Expenditure Limits ( DEL) and Annually Managed Expenditure (AME)"Departmental Expenditure Limit ( DEL) spending, which is planned and controlled on a three year basis in Spending Reviews; and"Annually Managed Expenditure ( AME), which is expenditure which cannot reasonably be subject to firm, multi-year limits in the same way as DEL. AME includes social security benefits, local authority self-financed expenditure, debt interest, and payments to EU institutions.More information about DEL and AME is set out below.In Spending Reviews, firm DEL plans are set for departments for three years. To ensure consistency with the Government's fiscal rules departments are set separate resource (current) and capital budgets. The resource budget contains a separate control total for “near cash” expenditure, that is expenditure such as pay and current grants which impacts directly on the measure of the golden rule.To encourage departments to plan over the medium term departments may carry forward unspent DEL provision from one year into the next and, subject to the normal tests for tautness and realism of plans, may be drawn down in future years. This end-year flexibility also removes any incentive for departments to use up their provision as the year end approaches with less regard to value for money. For the full benefits of this flexibility and of three year plans to feed through into improved public service delivery, end-year flexibility and three year budgets should be cascaded from departments to executive agencies and other budget holders.Three year budgets and end-year flexibility give those managing public services the stability to plan their operations on a sensible time scale. Further, the system means that departments cannot seek to bid up funds each year (before 1997, three year plans were set and reviewed in annual Public Expenditure Surveys). So the credibility of medium-term plans has been enhanced at both central and departmental level.Departments have certainty over the budgetary allocation over the medium term and these multi-year DEL plans are strictly enforced. Departments are expected to prioritise competing pressures and fund these within their overall annual limits, as set in Spending Reviews. So the DEL system provides a strong incentive to control costs and maximise value for money.There is a small centrally held DEL Reserve. Support from the Reserve is available only for genuinely unforeseeable contingencies which departments cannot be expected to manage within their DEL.AME typically consists of programmes which are large, volatile and demand-led, and which therefore cannot reasonably be subject to firm multi-year limits. The biggest single element is social security spending. Other items include tax credits, Local Authority Self Financed Expenditure, Scottish Executive spending financed by non-domestic rates, and spending financed from the proceeds of the National Lottery.AME is reviewed twice a year as part of the Budget and Pre-Budget Report process reflecting the close integration of the tax and benefit system, which was enhanced by the introduction of tax credits.AME is not subject to the same three year expenditure limits as DEL, but is still part of the overall envelope for public expenditure. Affordability is taken into account when policy decisions affecting AME are made. The Government has committed itself not to take policy measures which are likely to have the effect of increasing social security or other elements of AME without taking steps to ensure that the effects of those decisions can be accommodated prudently within the Government's fiscal rules.Given an overall envelope for public spending, forecasts of AME affect the level of resources available for DEL spending. Cautious estimates and the AME margin are built in to these AME forecasts and reduce the risk of overspending on AME.Together, DEL plus AME sum to Total Managed Expenditure (TME). TME is a measure drawn from national accounts. It represents the current and capital spending of the public sector. The public sector is made up of central government, local government and public corporations.Resource and Capital Budgets are set in terms of accruals information. Accruals information measures resources as they are consumed rather than when the cash is paid. So for example the Resource Budget includes a charge for depreciation, a measure of the consumption or wearing out of capital assets."Non cash charges in budgets do not impact directly on the fiscal framework. That may be because the national accounts use a different way of measuring the same thing, for example in the case of the depreciation of departmental assets. Or it may be that the national accounts measure something different: for example, resource budgets include a cost of capital charge reflecting the opportunity cost of holding capital; the national accounts include debt interest."Within the Resource Budget DEL, departments have separate controls on:"Near cash spending, the sub set of Resource Budgets which impacts directly on the Golden Rule; and"The amount of their Resource Budget DEL that departments may spend on running themselves (e.g. paying most civil servants’ salaries) is limited by Administration Budgets, which are set in Spending Reviews. Administration Budgets are used to ensure that as much money as practicable is available for front line services and programmes. These budgets also help to drive efficiency improvements in departments’ own activities. Administration Budgets exclude the costs of frontline services delivered directly by departments.The Budget preceding a Spending Review sets an overall envelope for public spending that is consistent with the fiscal rules for the period covered by the Spending Review. In the Spending Review, the Budget AME forecast for year one of the Spending Review period is updated, and AME forecasts are made for the later years of the Spending Review period.The 1998 Comprehensive Spending Review ( CSR), which was published in July 1998, was a comprehensive review of departmental aims and objectives alongside a zero-based analysis of each spending programme to determine the best way of delivering the Government's objectives. The 1998 CSR allocated substantial additional resources to the Government's key priorities, particularly education and health, for the three year period from 1999-2000 to 2001-02.Delivering better public services does not just depend on how much money the Government spends, but also on how well it spends it. Therefore the 1998 CSR introduced Public Service Agreements (PSAs). Each major government department was given its own PSA setting out clear targets for achievements in terms of public service improvements.The 1998 CSR also introduced the DEL/ AME framework for the control of public spending, and made other framework changes. Building on the investment and reforms delivered by the 1998 CSR, successive spending reviews in 2000, 2002 and 2004 have:"provided significant increase in resources for the Government’s priorities, in particular health and education, and cross-cutting themes such as raising productivity; extending opportunity; and building strong and secure communities;" "enabled the Government significantly to increase investment in public assets and address the legacy of under investment from past decades. Departmental Investment Strategies were introduced in SR2000. As a result there has been a steady increase in public sector net investment from less than ¾ of a per cent of GDP in 1997-98 to 2¼ per cent of GDP in 2005-06, providing better infrastructure across public services;" "introduced further refinements to the performance management framework. PSA targets have been reduced in number over successive spending reviews from around 300 to 110 to give greater focus to the Government’s highest priorities. The targets have become increasingly outcome-focused to deliver further improvements in key areas of public service delivery across Government. They have also been refined in line with the conclusions of the Devolving Decision Making Review to provide a framework which encourages greater devolution and local flexibility. Technical Notes were introduced in SR2000 explaining how performance against each PSA target will be measured; and"not only allocated near cash spending to departments, but also – since SR2002 - set Resource DEL plans for non cash spending.To identify what further investments and reforms are needed to equip the UK for the global challenges of the decade ahead, on 19 July 2005 the Chief Secretary to the Treasury announced that the Government intends to launch a second Comprehensive Spending Review (CSR) reporting in 2007.A decade on from the first CSR, the 2007 CSR will represent a long-term and fundamental review of government expenditure. It will cover departmental allocations for 2008-09, 2009-10 and 2010 11. Allocations for 2007-08 will be held to the agreed figures already announced by the 2004 Spending Review. To provide a rigorous analytical framework for these departmental allocations, the Government will be taking forward a programme of preparatory work over 2006 involving:"an assessment of what the sustained increases in spending and reforms to public service delivery have achieved since the first CSR. The assessment will inform the setting of new objectives for the decade ahead;" "an examination of the key long-term trends and challenges that will shape the next decade – including demographic and socio-economic change, globalisation, climate and environmental change, global insecurity and technological change – together with an assessment of how public services will need to respond;" "to release the resources needed to address these challenges, and to continue to secure maximum value for money from public spending over the CSR period, a set of zero-based reviews of departments’ baseline expenditure to assess its effectiveness in delivering the Government’s long-term objectives; together with"further development of the efficiency programme, building on the cross cutting areas identified in the Gershon Review, to embed and extend ongoing efficiency savings into departmental expenditure planning.The 2007 CSR also offers the opportunity to continue to refine the PSA framework so that it drives effective delivery and the attainment of ambitious national standards.Public Service Agreements (PSAs) were introduced in the 1998 CSR. They set out agreed targets detailing the outputs and outcomes departments are expected to deliver with the resources allocated to them. The new spending regime places a strong emphasis on outcome targets, for example in providing for better health and higher educational standards or service standards. The introduction in SR2004 of PSA ‘standards’ will ensure that high standards in priority areas are maintained.The Government monitors progress against PSA targets, and departments report in detail twice a year in their annual Departmental Reports (published in spring) and in their autumn performance reports. These reports provide Parliament and the public with regular updates on departments’ performance against their targets.Technical Notes explain how performance against each PSA target will be measured.To make the most of both new investment and existing assets, there needs to be a coherent long term strategy against which investment decisions are taken. Departmental Investment Strategies (DIS) set out each department's plans to deliver the scale and quality of capital stock needed to underpin its objectives. The DIS includes information about the department's existing capital stock and future plans for that stock, as well as plans for new investment. It also sets out the systems that the department has in place to ensure that it delivers its capital programmes effectively.This document was updated on 19 December 2005.Near-cash resource expenditure that has a related cash implication, even though the timing of the cash payment may be slightly different. For example, expenditure on gas or electricity supply is incurred as the fuel is used, though the cash payment might be made in arrears on aquarterly basis. Other examples of near-cash expenditure are: pay, rental.Net cash requirement the upper limit agreed by Parliament on the cash which a department may draw from theConsolidated Fund to finance the expenditure within the ambit of its Request forResources. It is equal to the agreed amount of net resources and net capital less non-cashitems and working capital.Non-cash cost costs where there is no cash transaction but which are included in a body’s accounts (or taken into account in charging for a service) to establish the true cost of all the resourcesused.Non-departmental a body which has a role in the processes of government, but is not a government public body, NDPBdepartment or part of one. NDPBs accordingly operate at arm’s length from governmentMinisters.Notional cost of a cost which is taken into account in setting fees and charges to improve comparability with insuranceprivate sector service providers.The charge takes account of the fact that public bodies donot generally pay an insurance premium to a commercial insurer.the independent body responsible for collecting and publishing official statistics about theUK’s society and economy. (At the time of going to print legislation was progressing tochange this body to the Statistics Board).Office of Government an office of the Treasury, with a status similar to that of an agency, which aims to maximise Commerce, OGCthe government’s purchasing power for routine items and combine professional expertiseto bear on capital projects.Office of the the government department responsible for discharging the Paymaster General’s statutoryPaymaster General,responsibilities to hold accounts and make payments for government departments and OPGother public bodies.Orange bookthe informal title for Management of Risks: Principles and Concepts, which is published by theTreasury for the guidance of public sector bodies.Office for NationalStatistics, ONS60Managing Public Money————————————————————————————————————————"GLOSSARYOverdraftan account with a negative balance.Parliament’s formal agreement to authorise an activity or expenditure.Prerogative powerspowers exercisable under the Royal Prerogative, ie powers which are unique to the Crown,as contrasted with common-law powers which may be available to the Crown on the samebasis as to natural persons.Primary legislationActs which have been passed by the Westminster Parliament and, where they haveappropriate powers, the Scottish Parliament and the Northern Ireland Assembly. Begin asBills until they have received Royal Assent.arrangements under which a public sector organisation contracts with a private sectorentity to construct a facility and provide associated services of a specified quality over asustained period. See annex 7.5.Proprietythe principle that patterns of resource consumption should respect Parliament’s intentions,conventions and control procedures, including any laid down by the PAC. See box 2.4.Public Accountssee Committee of Public Accounts.CommitteePublic corporationa trading body controlled by central government, local authority or other publiccorporation that has substantial day to day operating independence. See section 7.8.Public Dividend finance provided by government to public sector bodies as an equity stake; an alternative to Capital, PDCloan finance.Public Service sets out what the public can expect the government to deliver with its resources. EveryAgreement, PSAlarge government department has PSA(s) which specify deliverables as targets or aimsrelated to objectives.a structured arrangement between a public sector and a private sector organisation tosecure an outcome delivering good value for money for the public sector. It is classified tothe public or private sector according to which has more control.Rate of returnthe financial remuneration delivered by a particular project or enterprise, expressed as apercentage of the net assets employed.Regularitythe principle that resource consumption should accord with the relevant legislation, therelevant delegated authority and this document. See box 2.4.Request for the functional level into which departmental Estimates may be split. RfRs contain a number Resources, RfRof functions being carried out by the department in pursuit of one or more of thatdepartment’s objectives.Resource accountan accruals account produced in line with the Financial Reporting Manual (FReM).Resource accountingthe system under which budgets, Estimates and accounts are constructed in a similar wayto commercial audited accounts, so that both plans and records of expenditure allow in fullfor the goods and services which are to be, or have been, consumed – ie not just the cashexpended.Resource budgetthe means by which the government plans and controls the expenditure of resources tomeet its objectives.Restitutiona legal concept which allows money and property to be returned to its rightful owner. Ittypically operates where another person can be said to have been unjustly enriched byreceiving such monies.Return on capital the ratio of profit to capital employed of an accounting entity during an identified period.employed, ROCEVarious measures of profit and of capital employed may be used in calculating the ratio.Public Privatepartnership, PPPPrivate Finance Initiative, PFIParliamentaryauthority61Managing Public Money"————————————————————————————————————————GLOSSARYRoyal charterthe document setting out the powers and constitution of a corporation established underprerogative power of the monarch acting on Privy Council advice.Second readingthe second formal time that a House of Parliament may debate a bill, although in practicethe first substantive debate on its content. If successful, it is deemed to denoteParliamentary approval of the principle of the proposed legislation.Secondary legislationlaws, including orders and regulations, which are made using powers in primary legislation.Normally used to set out technical and administrative provision in greater detail thanprimary legislation, they are subject to a less intense level of scrutiny in Parliament.European legislation is,however,often implemented in secondary legislation using powers inthe European Communities Act 1972.Service-level agreement between parties, setting out in detail the level of service to be performed.agreementWhere agreements are between central government bodies, they are not legally a contractbut have a similar function.Shareholder Executive a body created to improve the government’s performance as a shareholder in businesses.Spending reviewsets out the key improvements in public services that the public can expect over a givenperiod. It includes a thorough review of departmental aims and objectives to find the bestway of delivering the government’s objectives, and sets out the spending plans for the givenperiod.State aidstate support for a domestic body or company which could distort EU competition and sois not usually allowed. See annex 4.9.Statement of Excessa formal statement detailing departments’ overspends prepared by the Comptroller andAuditor General as a result of undertaking annual audits.Statement on Internal an annual statement that Accounting Officers are required to make as part of the accounts Control, SICon a range of risk and control issues.Subheadindividual elements of departmental expenditure identifiable in Estimates as single cells, forexample cell A1 being administration costs within a particular line of departmental spending.Supplyresources voted by Parliament in response to Estimates, for expenditure by governmentdepartments.Supply Estimatesa statement of the resources the government needs in the coming financial year, and forwhat purpose(s), by which Parliamentary authority is sought for the planned level ofexpenditure and income.Target rate of returnthe rate of return required of a project or enterprise over a given period, usually at least a year.Third sectorprivate sector bodies which do not act commercially,including charities,social and voluntaryorganisations and other not-for-profit collectives. See annex 7.7.Total Managed a Treasury budgeting term which covers all current and capital spending carried out by the Expenditure,TMEpublic sector (ie not just by central departments).Trading fundan organisation (either within a government department or forming one) which is largely orwholly financed from commercial revenue generated by its activities. Its Estimate shows itsnet impact, allowing its income from receipts to be devoted entirely to its business.Treasury Minutea formal administrative document drawn up by the Treasury, which may serve a wide varietyof purposes including seeking Parliamentary approval for the use of receipts asappropriations in aid, a remission of some or all of the principal of voted loans, andresponding on behalf of the government to reports by the Public Accounts Committee(PAC).62Managing Public Money————————————————————————————————————————GLOSSARY63Managing Public MoneyValue for moneythe process under which organisation’s procurement, projects and processes aresystematically evaluated and assessed to provide confidence about suitability, effectiveness,prudence,quality,value and avoidance of error and other waste,judged for the public sectoras a whole.Virementthe process through which funds are moved between subheads such that additionalexpenditure on one is met by savings on one or more others.Votethe process by which Parliament approves funds in response to supply Estimates.Voted expenditureprovision for expenditure that has been authorised by Parliament. Parliament ‘votes’authority for public expenditure through the Supply Estimates process. Most expenditureby central government departments is authorised in this way.Wider market activity activities undertaken by central government organisations outside their statutory duties,using spare capacity and aimed at generating a commercial profit. See annex 7.6.Windfallmonies received by a department which were not anticipated in the spending review.———————————————————————————————————————— -
20 opening
1. n отверстие, щель; просвет2. n расщелина; проход3. n опушка4. n начало; вступление, вступительная частьopening speech — вступительная речь, вступительное слово
5. n открытие; раскрытиеto watch the opening of a flower — наблюдать за тем, как распускается цветок
opening the gate for — открывающий путь; открытие пути
6. n театр. открытие сезона; премьера; первое представлениеbefore the opening there had been two dress rehearsals — перед первым спектаклем было две генеральных репетиции
7. n кино первая демонстрация фильма, премьера, первый экранopening sitting — первое заседание; открытие
8. n благоприятная возможность, удобный случай9. n вакансия10. n амер. вырубка в лесу; просека, прогалина11. n амер. выставка мод в университете12. n спец. зев; раствор13. n горн. подготовительная выработка; вскрытие14. n горн. выход на поверхность15. n горн. архит. проём16. n горн. тех. калибр17. n горн. спорт. незащищённое для атаки место18. n горн. шахм. дебютEnglish opening — «английское начало»
19. a первый, начальныйopening witness — свидетель, первый по порядку
20. a вступительный, открывающийopening chevron — открывающий символ "<"
21. a исходныйСинонимический ряд:1. hole (noun) aperture; breach; break; chasm; cleft; crack; discontinuity; fissure; gap; hole; orifice; outlet; tear; vent2. opportunity (noun) availability; chance; look-in; occasion; opportunity; possibility; shot; show; squeak; time; vacancy3. start (noun) alpha; beginning; birth; commencement; dawn; dawning; day spring; genesis; inauguration; inception; initiation; launching; leadoff; nascence; onset; opening gun; origin; outset; outstart; setout; spring; start4. breaching (verb) breaching; disrupting; holing; rupturing5. convening (verb) convening; meeting; sitting6. disclosing (verb) disclosing; displaying; exposing; revealing; unclothing; uncovering; unveiling7. expanding (verb) expanding; extending; fan out; fanning out; outspreading; outstretching; spreading; unfolding8. opening (verb) approaching; beginning; clearing; commencing; embarking; embarking on; embarking upon; entering; getting off; inaugurating; initiating; jumping off; kicking off; launching; leading off; opening; set out; set to; setting to; starting; take on; take up; taking up; teeing off; undertaking9. undoing (verb) unclosing; undoing; unstoppingАнтонимический ряд:closing; conclusion; enclosure; end; obstruction; termination
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